Browsing by Author "Cai,Wei-Jun"
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Item A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO(2) data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT)(Copernicus Gesellschaft MBH, 9/15/16) Bakker,Dorothee C. E.; Pfeil,Benjamin; Landa,Camilla S.; Metzl,Nicolas; O'Brien,Kevin M.; Olsen,Are; Smith,Karl; Cosca,Cathy; Harasawa,Sumiko; Jones,Stephen D.; Nakaoka,Shin-ichiro; Nojiri,Yukihiro; Schuster,Ute; Steinhoff,Tobias; Sweeney,Colm; Takahashi,Taro; Tilbrook,Bronte; Wada,Chisato; Wanninkhof,Rik; Alin,Simone R.; Balestrini,Carlos F.; Barbero,Leticia; Bates,Nicholas R.; Bianchi,Alejandro A.; Bonou,Frederic; Boutin,Jacqueline; Bozec,Yann; Burger,Eugene F.; Cai,Wei-Jun; Castle,Robert D.; Chen,Liqi; Chierici,Melissa; Currie,Kim; Evans,Wiley; Featherstone,Charles; Feely,Richard A.; Fransson,Agneta; Goyet,Catherine; Greenwood,Naomi; Gregor,Luke; Hankin,Steven; Hardman-Mountford,Nick J.; Harlay,Jerome; Hauck,Judith; Hoppema,Mario; Humphreys,Matthew P.; Hunt,ChristopherW; Huss,Betty; Ibanhez,J. Severino P.; Johannessen,Truls; Keeling,Ralph; Kitidis,Vassilis; Koertzinger,Arne; Kozyr,Alex; Krasakopoulou,Evangelia; Kuwata,Akira; Landschuetzer,Peter; Lauvset,Siv K.; Lefevre,Nathalie; Lo Monaco,Claire; Manke,Ansley; Mathis,Jeremy T.; Merlivat,Liliane; Millero,Frank J.; Monteiro,Pedro M. S.; Munro,David R.; Murata,Akihiko; Newberger,Timothy; Omar,Abdirahman M.; Ono,Tsuneo; Paterson,Kristina; Pearce,David; Pierrot,Denis; Robbins,Lisa L.; Saito,Shu; Salisbury,Joe; Schlitzer,Reiner; Schneider,Bernd; Schweitzer,Roland; Sieger,Rainer; Skjelvan,Ingunn; Sullivan,Kevin F.; Sutherland,Stewart C.; Sutton,Adrienne J.; Tadokoro,Kazuaki; Telszewski,Maciej; Tuma,Matthias; van Heuven,Steven M. A. C.; Vandemark,Doug; Ward,Brian; Watson,Andrew J.; Xu,Suqing; Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. OBrien,Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones,Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin,Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi,Fr_d_ric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec21, Eugene F. Burger5, Wei-Jun Cai,Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet,Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, J_rome Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys,ChristopherW. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibanhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne K_rtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou,Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschuetzer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefevre, Claire Lo Monaco,Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro,David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar,Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger,Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton,Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven,Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu; Cai, Wei-JunThe Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO(2) (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with regular updates. Version 3 of SOCAT has 14.7 million fCO(2) values from 3646 data sets covering the years 1957 to 2014. This latest version has an additional 4.6 million fCO(2) values relative to version 2 and extends the record from 2011 to 2014. Version 3 also significantly increases the data availability for 2005 to 2013. SOCAT has an average of approximately 1.2 million surface water fCO(2) values per year for the years 2006 to 2012. Quality and documentation of the data has improved. A new feature is the data set quality control (QC) flag of E for data from alternative sensors and platforms. The accuracy of surface water fCO(2) has been defined for all data set QC flags. Automated range checking has been carried out for all data sets during their upload into SOCAT. The upgrade of the interactive Data Set Viewer (previously known as the Cruise Data Viewer) allows better interrogation of the SOCAT data collection and rapid creation of high-quality figures for scientific presentations. Automated data upload has been launched for version 4 and will enable more frequent SOCAT releases in the future. High-profile scientific applications of SOCAT include quantification of the ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and its long-term variation, detection of ocean acidification, as well as evaluation of coupled-climate and ocean-only biogeochemical models. Users of SOCAT data products are urged to acknowledge the contribution of data providers, as stated in the SOCAT Fair Data Use Statement. This ESSD (Earth System Science Data) "living data" publication documents the methods and data sets used for the assembly of this new version of the SOCAT data collection and compares these with those used for earlier versions of the data collection (Pfeil et al., 2013; Sabine et al., 2013; Bakker et al., 2014).Individual data set files, included in the synthesis product, can be downloaded here: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849770. The gridded products are available here: doi: 10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.SOCAT_V3_GRID.Item Microelectrode characterization of coral daytime interior pH and carbonate chemistry(Nature Publishing Group, 4/4/16) Cai,Wei-Jun; Ma,Yuening; Hopkinson,Brian M.; Grottoli,Andrea G.; Warner,Mark E.; Ding,Qian; Hu,Xinping; Yuan,Xiangchen; Schoepf,Verena; Xu,Hui; Han,Chenhua; Melman,Todd F.; Hoadley,Kenneth D.; Pettay,D. Tye; Matsui,Yohei; Baumann,Justin H.; Levas,Stephen; Ying,Ye; Wang,Yongchen; Wei-Jun Cai, Yuening Ma, Brian M. Hopkinson, Andre�a G. Grottoli, Mark E. Warner, Qian Ding, Xinping Hu, Xiangchen Yuan, Verena Schoepf, Hui Xu, Chenhua Han, Todd F. Melman, Kenneth D. Hoadley, D. Tye Pettay, Yohei Matsui, Justin H. Baumann, Stephen Levas, Ye Ying, Yongchen Wang; Hoadley,Kenneth D.;Warner, Mark E;Cai, Wei-JunReliably predicting how coral calcification may respond to ocean acidification and warming depends on our understanding of coral calcification mechanisms. However, the concentration and speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) inside corals remain unclear, as only pH has been measured while a necessary second parameter to constrain carbonate chemistry has been missing. Here we report the first carbonate ion concentration ([CO32-]) measurements together with pH inside corals during the light period. We observe sharp increases in [CO32-] and pH from the gastric cavity to the calcifying fluid, confirming the existence of a proton (H+) pumping mechanism. We also show that corals can achieve a high aragonite saturation state (Omega(arag)) in the calcifying fluid by elevating pH while at the same time keeping [DIC] low. Such a mechanism may require less H+-pumping and energy for upregulating pH compared with the high [DIC] scenario and thus may allow corals to be more resistant to climate change related stressors.Item Modeling pCO(2) variability in the Gulf of Mexico(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 8/8/16) Xue,Zuo; He,Ruoying; Fennel,Katja; Cai,Wei-Jun; Lohrenz,Steven; Huang,Wei-Jen; Tian,Hanqin; Ren,Wei; Zang,Zhengchen; Zuo Xue, Ruoying He, Katja Fennel, Wei-Jun Cai, Steven Lohrenz, Wei-Jen Huang, Hanqin Tian, Wei Ren, and Zhengchen Zang; Cai, Wei-JunA three-dimensional coupled physicalbiogeochemical model was used to simulate and examine temporal and spatial variability of sea surface pCO(2) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The model was driven by realistic atmospheric forcing, open boundary conditions from a data-assimilative global ocean circulation model, and observed freshwater and terrestrial nutrient and carbon input from major rivers. A 7-year model hindcast (2004-2010) was performed and validated against ship measurements. Model results revealed clear seasonality in surface pCO(2) and were used to estimate carbon budgets in the Gulf. Based on the average of model simulations, the GoM was a net CO2 sink with a flux of 1.11 +/- 0.84 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1), which, together with the enormous fluvial inorganic carbon input, was comparable to the inorganic carbon export through the Loop Current. Two model sensitivity experiments were performed: one without biological sources and sinks and the other using river input from the 1904-1910 period as simulated by the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM). It was found that biological uptake was the primary driver making GoM an overall CO2 sink and that the carbon flux in the northern GoM was very susceptible to changes in river forcing. Large uncertainties in model simulations warrant further process-based investigations.Item Remote Sensing of Sea Surface pCO(2) in the Bering Sea in Summer Based on a Mechanistic Semi-Analytical Algorithm (MeSAA)(MDPI Ag, 6/30/16) Song,Xuelian; Bai,Yan; Cai,Wei-Jun; Chen,Chen-Tung Arthur; Pan,Delu; He,Xianqiang; Zhu,Qiankun; Xuelian Song , Yan Bai, Wei-Jun Cai, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen , Delu Pan, Xianqiang He and Qiankun Zhu; Cai, Wei-JunThe Bering Sea, one of the largest and most productive marginal seas, is a crucial carbon sink for the marine carbonate system. However, restricted by the tough observation conditions, few underway datasets of sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO(2)) have been obtained, with most of them in the eastern areas. Satellite remote sensing data can provide valuable information covered by a large area synchronously with high temporal resolution for assessments of pCO(2) that subsequently allow quantification of air-sea carbon dioxide 2 flux. However, pCO(2) in the Bering Sea is controlled by multiple factors and thus it is hard to Developmentelop a remote sensing algorithm with empirical regression methods. In this paper pCO(2) in the Bering Sea from July to September was derived based on a mechanistic semi-analytical algorithm (MeSAA). It was assumed that the observed pCO(2) can be analytically expressed as the sum of individual components controlled by major factors. First, a reference water mass that was minimally influenced by biology and mixing was identified in the central basin, and then thermodynamic and biological effects were parameterized for the entire area. Finally, we estimated pCO(2) with satellite temperature and chlorophyll data. Satellite results agreed well with the underway observations. Our study suggested that throughout the Bering Sea the biological effect on pCO(2) was more than twice as important as temperature, and contributions of other effects were relatively small. Furthermore, satellite observations demonstrate that the spring phytoplankton bloom had a delayed effect on summer pCO(2) but that the influence of this biological event varied regionally; it was more significant on the continental slope, with a later bloom, than that on the shelf with an early bloom. Overall, the MeSAA algorithm was not only able to estimate pCO(2) in the Bering Sea for the first time, but also provided a quantitative analysis of the contribution of various processes that influence pCO(2).Item Using present-day observations to detect when anthropogenic change forces surface ocean carbonate chemistry outside preindustrial bounds(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 9/13/16) Sutton,Adrienne J.; Sabine,Christopher L.; Feely,Richard A.; Cai,Wei-Jun; Cronin,Meghan F.; McPhaden,Michael J.; Morell,Julio M.; Newton,Jan A.; Noh,Jae-Hoon; Olafsdottir,Solveig R.; Salisbury,Joseph E.; Send,Uwe; Vandemark,Douglas C.; Weller,Robert A.; Adrienne J. Sutton, Christopher L. Sabine, Richard A. Feely, Wei-Jun Cai, Meghan F. Cronin, Michael J. McPhaden, Julio M. Morell, Jan A. Newton, Jae-Hoon Noh, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Joseph E. Salisbury, Uwe Send, Douglas C. Vandemark, and Robert A. Weller; Cai, Wei-JunOne of the major challenges to assessing the impact of ocean acidification on marine life is detecting and interpreting long-term change in the context of natural variability. This study addresses this need through a global synthesis of monthly pH and aragonite saturation state (Omega(arag)) climatologies for 12 open ocean, coastal, and coral reef locations using 3-hourly moored observations of surface seawater partial pressure of CO2 and pH collected together since as early as 2010. Mooring observations suggest open ocean subtropical and subarctic sites experience present-day surface pH and Omega(arag) conditions outside the bounds of preindustrial variability throughout most, if not all, of the year. In general, coastal mooring sites experience more natural variability and thus, more overlap with preindustrial conditions; however, present-day Omega(arag) conditions surpass biologically relevant thresholds associated with ocean acidification impacts on Mytilus californianus (Omega(arag) < 1.8) and Crassostrea gigas (Omega(arag) < 2.0) larvae in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) and Mya arenaria larvae in the Gulf of Maine (Omega(arag) < 1.6). At the most variable mooring locations in coastal systems of the CCE, subseasonal conditions approached Omega(arag) = 1. Global and regional models and data syntheses of ship-based observations tended to underestimate seasonal variability compared to mooring observations. Efforts such as this to characterize all patterns of pH and Omega(arag) variability and change at key locations are fundamental to assessing present-day biological impacts of ocean acidification, further improving experimental design to interrogate organism response under real-world conditions, and improving predictive models and vulnerability assessments seeking to quantify the broader impacts of ocean acidification.