The impact of differential lignin S/G ratios on mutagenicity and chicken embryonic toxicity
Date
2021-08-27
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Journal of Applied Toxicology
Abstract
Lignin and lignin-based materials have received considerable attention in various fields due to their promise as sustainable feedstocks. Guaiacol (G) and syringol (S) are two primary monolignols that occur in different ratios for different plant species. As methoxyphenols, G and S have been targeted as atmospheric pollutants and their acute toxicity examined. However, there is a rare understanding of the toxicological properties on other endpoints and mixture effects of these monolignols. To fill this knowledge gap, our study investigated the impact of different S/G ratios (0.5, 1, and 2) and three lignin depolymerization samples from poplar, pine, and miscanthus species on mutagenicity and developmental toxicity. A multitiered method consisted of in silico simulation, in vitro Ames test, and in vivo chicken embryonic assay was employed. In the Ames test, syringol showed a sign of mutagenicity, whereas guaiacol did not, which agreed with the T.E.S.T. simulation. For three S and G mixture and lignin monomers, mutagenic activity was related to the proportion of syringol. In addition, both S and G showed developmental toxicity in the chicken embryonic assay and T.E.S.T. simulation, and guaiacol had a severe effect on lipid peroxidation. A similar trend and comparable developmental toxicity levels were detected for S and G mixtures and the three lignin depolymerized monomers. This study provides data and insights on the differential toxicity of varying S/G ratios for some important building blocks for bio-based materials.
Description
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Zhang, X., Levia, D. F., Ebikade, E. O., Chang, J., Vlachos, D. G., & Wu, C. (2022). The impact of differential lignin S/G ratios on mutagenicity and chicken embryonic toxicity. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 42( 3), 423– 435. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4229, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4229. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. This article may not be enhanced, enriched or otherwise transformed into a derivative work, without express permission from Wiley or by statutory rights under applicable legislation. Copyright notices must not be removed, obscured or modified. The article must be linked to Wiley’s version of record on Wiley Online Library and any embedding, framing or otherwise making available the article or pages thereof by third parties from platforms, services and websites other than Wiley Online Library must be prohibited. This article will be embargoed until 08/27/2022.
Keywords
developmental toxicity, guaiacol, in silico simulation, lignin, mutagenicity, syringol
Citation
Zhang, X., Levia, D. F., Ebikade, E. O., Chang, J., Vlachos, D. G., & Wu, C. (2022). The impact of differential lignin S/G ratios on mutagenicity and chicken embryonic toxicity. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 42( 3), 423– 435. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4229